Fugro Loadtest has compiled a substantial technical library of papers and publications regarding the O-Cell and its uses as well as research made possible in whole or part through O-Cell load testing. A list of many of these papers and publications with links to the documents is detailed below.

Academic, Technical Papers and Magazine Articles

• Bi-Directional Static Load Tests: Criteria and Methods of Analysis in Practice Michael Diez de Aux, & Jason J Crowder GeoMontreal2024, Montréal, QC, Canada, September 2024.
• The environmental advantage of bi-directional pile testing related to traditional top-down testing. A. Silva, M. England, M. Profittlich, Proceeding of the XVIII ECSMGE Lison, Portugal, August 2024, pp 3325-3328.
• Case Study Bi-directional Loadtest Bassin Austerlitz, Paris. M. England, P. Cheesman, M Maron, M. Profittlich Proceedings of the 11th International Stress Wave Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, September 2022.
• Bi-directional O-cell testing: to optimise foundation design safely and sustainably, M. England, M. Profittlich GEOTECHNIEK - Stresswave Conference special September 2022.
• Oldie but Goldie – Bi-directionally tested foundation piles with base enlargement, T. Schmitt, M. England, paper presented at the EFFC-DFI International Conference on Deep Foundations and Ground Improvement, Berlin, Germany May 2022.
• High capacity O-Cell pile load testing in Coal Measures Mudstone, Northern Spire Bridge, Sunderland U.K. F. Buggy, M. England, S. Fryer, Proceedings of the XVII ECSMGE-2019, Reykjavik.
• A review of piling industry practices in Dubai UAE: Proposed UCS-based correlations. Geotechncial research E-ISSN 2052-6156, Volume 6 Issue 2 June 2019, pp 103-129.
• Unit Side Shear in Rock-Socketed bored piles, Ayithi, A. et al. 2018, Stress Wave Theory and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations: 10th International Conference, ASTM
• Bridge web reports 2018 on A bi-directional testing system is being used in the development of foundations for a new cablestayed bridge between Hungary and Slovakia
• Recent experiences of full scale static pile load testing in chalk, M. England & P. Cheesman, Engineering in Chalk, BGA conference 2018 London.
• DFI presents: top down and bi-directional testing, a good introduction to the different pile types and tests, 23 minute video by the Deep Foundation Institute 2017.
• Testing of augered piles using the Osterberg Load Cell at the Mount Edgecombe Interchange, 2017.
• Technical and Economic benefits of O-Cell load testing for Deep Foundations in India, Ayithi, A. et al. Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, December 22-24,2013, Roorkee
• Article regarding Marina Bay Sands Singapore in ADSC 2012, or for the full Magazine viewable on-line - click here.
• The Landmark Osterberg Cell Test - J. Hayes, 2012
  In 1990, six years after creating it, Professor Jorj Osterberg despaired that his method...
• On the subject of piles in Tension. M. England 2012
  An alternative to a traditional pullout test is now finding wide acceptance with the introduction of ...
• Load Test of a Large Bored Pile for the Golden Ears Bridge. CH2M HILL, LOADTEST & Bilfinger Berger (Canada) 2012 Using Osterberg cells (O-Cells), a load test was conducted on a large bored test pile constructed in 2006 for project, east of Vancouver, British Columbia ...
• Optimum Specification for O-Cell bi-directional static load testing - M. England, P Cheesman, Athens 2011
  The standard testing procedures and specifications generally prescribed for traditional top down static load testing can be improved to take into consideration the positioning of the loading...
• The scaling effect of bored pile radius on unit shear capacity, (2011) Sinnreich, J, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (2011), pp 463-467
• Design benefits of bi-directional load testing of barrettes, M. England, P. Cheesman 2009 Bi-directional testing has been performed on many barrettes worldwide, on a variety of sizes, cross sections and lengths...
• Bi-directional load testing as a design tool to assess the bearing capacity and long-term behaviour of energy piles - M. England, C Fischer, Germany 2009
• Bi-directional instrumented load test of a pile bored in Guinea Bissau, F. Rocher-Lacoste, M. Bustamante, M. England, Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles 2008
• Review of Methods of Analysis of Test Results from Bi-directional Static Load Tests - M. England 2008
  This paper aims to describe and review the merits of some of the direct methods currently employed and some of the analysis methods which can be used...
• World record bi-directional testing of CFA Piles - M. England, Madrid 2007
  Recent application of O-Cell bi-directional load testing technology to continuous-flightauger pile (CFA), has resulted in some record breaking results...
• Recent experiences with bi-directional static load testing - M. England, P Cheesman, 2006 DFI
  A novel test method seeks to overcome all the associated problems of large scale and restrictive area "top down testing"...
• The Impact of Pile Shape on Measured Capacity - D. Kort, 2007
  Sonar calipering technology is increasingly being used to reveal the shape of bored pile excavations...
• Evolution Of Direct TOP Measurement - B. Simpson, J. Sinnreich
  Evolution of Top of Pile Measurement Techniques in Deep Foundation Static Load Testing...
• Bibliography of Osterberg Cell References
  Bibliography of Osterberg Cell References...
• Value Engineering - A Great Concept. Why Isn't it Used More Frequently? - J. Osterberg
  Value Engineering is a good idea. When it has been used as intended, both economical and better designs have resulted...
• What Has Been Learned About Drilled Shafts From the Osterberg Load Test - J. Osterberg
  The Osterberg Cell (O-Cell) method makes it possible to separate the side shear resistance (skin friction) from the end bearing...
• The Osterberg Load Test Method for Bored and Driven Piles: The First Ten Years - J. Osterberg
  Ten years have passed since the first full-scale Osterberg Load Test was performed...
• O-Cell Testing Case Histories Demonstrate the Importance of Bored Pile (Drilled Shaft) Construction Technique - J. Schmertmann, J. Hayes, T. Molnit, J. Osterberg
  Herein we review the Osterberg Cell, or O-Cell, method for performing large capacity load tests on bored piles (drilled shafts), and demonstrate how it provides...
• The Osterberg Cell and Bored Pile Testing - A Symbiosis - J. Schmertmann, J. Hayes
  This paper describes the O-Cell "bottom-up" method for static load testing of bored adn driven piles, presents its history and lists some of its special advantages...
• Sample Guide Specifications - Osterberg Cell Load Testing of Drilled Shafts
  This work shall consist of furnishing all materials and labor necessary for conducting an Osterberg Cell (O-Cell) Load Test and reporting the results...
• Easy static load test expert results- M. England DFI
  Test equipment has been developed to record automatically both the displacement of the pile head and the load applied during a conventional maintained load pile test and control the entire testing programme...
• Interpreting Strain Gage Measurements from Load Tests in Bored Piles - J. Hayes, T. Simmonds DFI
  Vibrating wire strain gages have proven to be a very reliable and effective tool for the measurement of strains associated with the loading of bored piles (drilled shafts)...
• Bi-directional Static Load Testing – State of the Art - M. England 2003. The use of static load testing in optimising design and providing verification of suitability and constructability continues to be unsurpassed in the foundation industry...
• A Conservative Method of Analysis of test results from bi-directional static load tests - M. England, (Baltic X Geotechnical Conference). As the use of bi-directional load testing of foundation elements becomes more widespread, a consistently conservative method of interpretation of the test results is presented which ensures that, although the mechanics of the test...
• Method of analysis and prediction of pile recovery from an applied load; M. England, IX Baltic Geotechnical Conference, Parnu, Estonia, May 2000, pp 239-245
• A new method of single pile settlement prediction and analysis - W.G.K. Fleming W.G.K.Fleming, Geotechnique, Vol XLII, No. 3, Sept. 1992....
• Pile settlement behaviour: An Accurate Model - M. England
  A mathematical model is described which accurately characterises the settlement behavious of piles under load. It can be used for pile design or as an analytical tool...
• Innovations in Static Load Pile Testing and Analysis - M. England, F. De Cock
  M.G.England, F.De Cock Groundmechanika en Funderingsteckniek Innovatieforum, Antwerp, Belgium. 1992...
• A Method of analysis of stress induced displacement in soils with respect to time - M. England
  A fundamental parameter associated with the behaviour of soils under load, often neglected, is time. The overwhelming evidence now accumulated indicates clearly that this parameter...
• Review of foundation testing methods and procedures - M. England, W.G.K. Fleming This paper reviews some of the shortcomings of foundation load testing procedures, considers what would constitue an ideal test, and comments on recent developments in static load testing...
• Pile Load Test Data Interpretation and Design Verification for HSR Project in Taiwan - Corbet et al, 15th Southeast Asian Geotechncial Society Conference, Bangkok Thailand Nov 2004
  Based on the pile load test results at Taipao, it was found that the percentage of the load carried in end bearing approximately 22% to 24% of the ultimate capacity...
• Osterberg Cell Load Testing of High-Capacity Augered Cast-In-Place Piles - Matthew E. Meyer, Frank Fonseca, John S. Hayes, Deep Foundations, Winter 2006
  This paper discusses the recent implementation of Osterberg Cell (O-Cell) load testing technology...
• Drilled Shafts for Iowa DOT Bridge Project: Really a "First" - S. Scot Litke, Wayne A. Sunday, and Jeff Goodwin, ADSC May 1998
  Until recently, the use of drilled shafts by the Iowa DOT has been limited...
• Pile Testing High Society - Melvin England, European Foundations, Winter 2004
  Deep bi-directional static load tests have helped a Florida contractor test large CFA piles for skyscrapers in Miami...
• Here's How it Works - Bridge Builder, April-May, 1999.
  High capacity load testing made simple...
• Load Test Supports Savings - Matthew Phair, ENR, February, 1996
  Engineers suffering from tight budgets and extremely restrictive working conditions on a northeast New Jersey rail project recently turned to a new foundation load test to help cut costs...
• Osterberg Load Cell Finding Applications - S. Scot Litke, ADSC June-July, 1991
  Dr. Jorj Osterberg developed a relatively low-cost, simple down hole load test device know as the Osterberg Load Cell...
• Side Shear and End Bearing in Rock Sockets - Jorj Osterberg, Geo-Strata, July 2000
  Geotechnical engineers have misconceptions about the relationships between side shear and end bearing in rock socketed drilled shaft foundations...
• Touchdown for O-Cell Test - Barry J. Meyer, Paul R. Schade, Civil Engineering, February 1995
  Repairs to the Los Angeles Coliseum, damanged in the 1994 Northridge, Calif. earthquake, had to be completed by the start of football season, just seven months away. By using the Osterberg load cell to expedite drilled-shaft design, engineers beat the odds to finish the project on time.
  

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